Composite fillings (white fillings) are among the most preferred restorative materials today due to both their aesthetic appearance and functionality. They contain a resin (plastic-based) structure along with glass or ceramic particles. They bond to the tooth both mechanically and chemically. They are classified based on their composition, usage area, and application method.
1. Composites According to Particle Size
Macrofill Composites
They contain large particles (approximately 10–100 microns). They are the earliest developed type of composite. Their durability is acceptable, but the surface tends to be rough and may stain over time. Aesthetically, they are not very satisfactory.
Microfill Composites
They contain very small particles (around 0.04 microns). Their biggest advantage is excellent polishability and natural appearance. However, they are not very strong, so they are mostly used in anterior (front) teeth.
Hybrid Composites
They contain both large and small particles, balancing aesthetics and durability. They can be comfortably used in both anterior and posterior teeth.
Nanohybrid and Nanofill Composites
These are the newest generation composites. They contain nano-sized particles, offering both high strength and a natural tooth-like appearance. They are long-lasting and currently the most preferred type.
2. Composites According to Usage Area
Anterior Composites
Used for front teeth, where aesthetics is a priority. They transmit light better and provide a more natural and translucent appearance.
Posterior Composites
Designed for back teeth. They are more resistant to chewing forces and have a stronger structure.
Universal Composites
Suitable for both front and back teeth. They are widely preferred due to their practicality.
3. Composites According to Consistency
Flowable Composites
They have a more fluid consistency. Used in small cavities or as a base layer. However, they are not very strong.
Packable Composites
They are denser and more rigid. Easier to shape, especially preferred in posterior restorations.
4. Composites According to Polymerization Method
Light-Cured Composites
They harden with blue light and are the most commonly used type. The dentist can control the setting time.
Chemically-Cured Composites
They harden automatically after mixing two components. Rarely used today.
Dual-Cure Composites
They can harden both chemically and with light. Ideal for deep areas where light cannot reach.
5. Special-Purpose Composites
Bulk-Fill Composites
They can be applied in thicker layers (approximately 4–5 mm) at once, saving time.
Fiber-Reinforced Composites
They contain fiber structures and are used for reinforcement in fractured teeth or bridge-like restorations.
Advantages
• Matches tooth color and looks aesthetic
• Bonds well to the tooth
• Requires less removal of tooth structure
• Can be repaired if needed
Disadvantages
• May discolor over time
• Can wear faster than amalgam
• Technique-sensitive; depends on the dentist’s skill
